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The Este culture was a Iron Age culture existed from the late Italian Bronze Age (10th-9th century BC, proto-venetic phase) to the Roman period (1st century BC), was located in the present territory of Veneto and derived from earlier and more extensive Proto-Villanovan culture.〔J.P.Mallory, D.Q. Adams - "Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture" pg.183-184 "Este culture".〕 It is also called "civilization of situlas", or paleo-venetic. The culture is named after a proto-urban settlement in the Po Valley (North Italy). Este was originally situated on the river Etsch, which changed its course in 5th century; it was a center of metalworking. The settlement evolved in the beginning of the 1st century BC at the cross-way of important traffic routes. Essentially only the cremation cemeteries with its rich burial goods remained. Este culture existed, next to the Villanovan Culture in the Bologna area and the Golasecca culture in the West of the Po Valley, influenced by the urnfield culture parallel to the Hallstatt period.〔Aleksandra Ceferin: (The enigma of Venetic culture – Recent discoveries and new hypothesis ), published via thezaurus.com, April 25, 2000, retrieved December 1, 2015〕 Este imparted artistically and technical incitation of the Hallstatt region to the south and Etruscan-Grecian elements to the north. Este was the center of the so-called situlae art.〔Douglas Q Adams: Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis, 1997, (p. 183 f. )〕 Especially the situla decorated with animal and ribbons of figural shapes are characteristic. The most significant example is the Benvenuti-Situla (600 BC).〔Rosemarie Cordie, Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen: (Situlen in Architektur und Kulturgeschichte (Situlae in architecture and culture history) ) (PDF; 513 kB, German) Archaeological Park Belginum, Saarland University, University Leipzig, May 2009, retrieved November 30, 2015〕 The evolution of the bronze foils works can be traced back until the end of the 4th century BC. Este culture survived the invasion of the celts and primal their successors, the Veneti were taken up within the Roman Empire.〔 Several of archaeological discoveries give the evidence that Este was an important centre of Venetic culture from the 7th to the 4th century BC. They had a great shrine to the good or goddess Reitia and a school for scribes. Archaeologists found, next to small bronze statues, tools, vases and money, 200 inscriptions in the Venetic script and the so-called Alphabet Tablets.〔 Four phases are distinguished; Este I (from 900-750 BC), Este II (from 750-575 BC) has an individual character, Este III (from 575-350 BC) is the climax corresponding to Certosa, and Este IV (from 350-182 BC) shows Celtic influences.〔 The Este culture is referred to the precursor of the Veneti (ital. Paleoveneti). The Veneti formed a buffer between the Illyrian, which tribal area located on the Balkans behind Triest, and the celts in the Po Valley. They have had their own language and culture, which becomes more and more open to the Greek influence, but didn’t imitated the Greek or Etruskian. The Veneti continued the tradition of the Este culture, when it expired in Este.〔Kohler, Christoph (Bad Krozingen): "Estekultur." Der Neue Pauly. Published by: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, Manfred Landfester, 2006. (short part ) from Brill Online, 2015 retrieved December 1, 2015〕 In Veneto a modified figural art exists until today. ==Literature== * Daniel Glyn (Hrsg.): ''Enzyklopädie der Archäologie.'' (Enzyclopedia of Archaeology). Published by Joachim Rehork. Nikol, Lübbe 1996, ISBN 3-930656-37-X. (German) * Douglas Q. Adams: ''Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture.'' Taylor & Francis, 1997, (p. 183 f. ) * Dal paleolitico alla civiltà atestina / a cura di Raffaello Battaglia // Storia di Venezia / Centro internazionale delle arti e del costume. - Venezia : Centro internazionale delle arti e del costume, 1958 - Vol.1, p. 79-177 : ill. (Italian) * Bermond Montanari 1999: G. Bermond Montanari, Gli strumenti musicali nell’arte delle situle. In: Protostoria e storia del „Venetorum Angulus“. Portogruaro – Quarto d’Altino – Este – Adria, 16-19 ottobre 1996. Convegno di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, Atti, 20 (Pisa/Roma 1999) 487-499. (Italian) *Di Filippo Balestrazzi 1980: E. Di Filippo Balestrazzi, Nuovi confronti iconografici e un’ipotesi sui rapporti fra l’area delle situle e il mondo orientale. In: Este e la civiltà paleoveneta a cento anni dalle prime scoperte. Atti del XI Convegno di studi etruschi e italici, Este - Padova 27 giugno - 1 luglio 1976 (Firenze 1980) 153-170. (Italian) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Este culture」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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